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1
Analog Engineer's Pocket Reference
Conversions
1. Standard decimal prefixes
2. Metric conversions
3. Temperature scale conversions
4. Error conversions ppm and percentage
5. Notes
Discrete Components
1. Resistor color code
2. Capacitor specifications
3. Capacitance type overview
4. Diodes and LEDs
5. Bipolar junction transistors (BJT)
6. Junction field effect transistors (JFET)
7. Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET)
8. Notes
Analog
1. Resistor equations
2. Power equations
3. Capacitor equations
4. Inductor equations
5. RMS and mean voltage
6. Logarithmic mathematical definitions
  1. Alternative notations
7. dB definitions
  1. Bode plot basics
  2. Definitions
  3. Log scale
  4. Time to phase shift
  5. Bode plots: Poles
8. Pole (equations)
  1. Bode plots (zeros)
  2. Zero (equations)
9. Notes
Amplifier
1. Basic op amp configurations
  1. Simple non-inverting amp with Cf filter
  2. Simple inverting amp with Cf filter
  3. Differential filter cutoff
  4. Calculating amplifier offset voltage
2. Op amp bandwidth
  1. Small signal step response
3. Full power bandwidth
4. Large signal response (slew rate)
5. Settling Time
6. Combining noise sources
  1. Averaging noise sources
  2. Noise bandwidth calculation
    1. Broadband total noise calculation
  3. 1/f total noise calculation
  4. Thermal noise calculation
  5. Op amp noise model
  6. Total noise calculations
7. AC response versus frequency (dominant 2-pole system)
8. Stability open loop SPICE analysis
  1. Stability transient square wave lab test
  2. Stability AC sine wave lab test
9. Power dissipation calculation
10. Electrical overstress (EOS) protection
11. Notes
PCB and Wire
1. PCB and Wire
2. PCB trace resistance for 1 oz-Cu
3. PCB trace resistance for 2 oz-Cu
4. Common package type and dimensions
5. PCB parallel plate capacitance
6. PCB microstrip capacitance and inductance
7. PCB adjacent copper traces
8. PCB via capacitance and inductance
9. Coaxial cable equations
10. Notes
Sensor
Digital
1. Binary/hex conversions
  1. Numbering systems: Binary, decimal, and hexadecimal
  2. Data formats
    1. Converting two’s complement to decimal: Negative number example
    2. Converting two’s complement to decimal: Positive number example
2. Digital logic thresholds
3. Serial peripheral interface
  1. SPI bus (Serial Peripheral Interface) hardware overview
    1. Data and control lines
  2. SPI data latching
    1. SPI read sequence example
  3. SPI critical edge
  4. SPI modes
4. Inter-integrated circuit (I2C) bus
  1. I2C bus (Inter-Integrated Circuit) hardware overview
    1. Data and control lines
  2. I2C addressing
  3. I2C communication
  4. I2C interface circuitry and rise/fall timing
  5. I2C pull-up resistor selection
5. Notes
ADC
1. ADC transfer function
  1. ADC definitions
  2. ADC resolution for unipolar
    1. Full-scale range (FSR) unipolar
  3. ADC resolution for bipolar
    1. Full-scale range (FSR) bipolar
  4. Resolution voltage vs. full-scale range
2. Quantization error of ADC
  1. Quantization error
3. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) from quantization noise only
4. Total harmonic distortion (VRMS)
5. Total harmonic distortion (dBc)
6. AC signals
  1. Signal-to-noise and distortion (SINAD) and effective number of bits (ENOB)
7. DC signals
  1. Noise free resolution and effective resolution
8. Settling time and conversion accuracy
9. ADC system noise calculation
10. Effect of clock jitter on ADC SNR
11. Notes
DAC
1. DAC errors
  1. DAC definitions
  2. DAC offset error
  3. DAC gain error
  4. DAC zero-code error / negative full-scale error
  5. DAC bipolar zero error
  6. DAC full-scale error
2. DAC non-linearity
  1. DAC differential non-linearity
  2. DAC integral non-linearity
3. DAC total unadjusted error
4. Notes
Multiplexer
1. CMOS switch construction
2. ON-resistance (RON)
3. RON flatness
4. Effective op amp gain including MUX RON
  1. Design tips
5. ON and OFF capacitance (CON/ COFF)
6. Leakage current
  1. Off leakage current
  2. On leakage current
7. Charge injection (QINJ)
8. Bandwidth (BW)
9. Channel-to-channel crosstalk (XTALK)
10. OFF-isolation
11. Total harmonic distortion plus noise (THD+N)
12. Notes
TI Worldwide Technical Support

Inductor equations

Series inductors

Equation 33.

L_{t} = L_{1} + L_{2} + \dots + L_{N}

Parallel inductors

Equation 34.

L_{t} = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{L_{1}} + \frac{1}{L_{2}} + \dots + \frac{1}{L_{N}}}

Two parallel inductors

Equation 35.

L_{t} = \frac{L_{1} L_{2}}{L_{1} + L_{2}}

Where

L_t = equivalent total inductance

L₁, L₂, L₃…L_N = component inductance

Instantaneous voltage across an inductor

Equation 36.

v = L \frac{di}{dt}

Where

v = instantaneous voltage across the inductor

L = inductance in henries (H)

$\frac{di}{dt}$ = instantaneous rate of current change

Energy stored in an inductor

Equation 37.

E = \frac{1}{2} L ? I^{2}

Where

E = energy stored in an inductor in joules (J)

I = current in amps

L = inductance in henries (H)

Equation for charging an RC circuit

General relationship

Equation 38.

V_{C} = V_{S} [1 ? e^{(\frac{? t}{τ})}]

Where

V_C = voltage across the capacitor at any instant in time (t)

V_S = the source voltage charging the RC circuit

t = time in seconds

τ = RC, the time constant for charging and discharging capacitors

Graphing Equation 37 produces the capacitor charging curve below. Note that the capacitor is 99.3% charged at five time constants. It is common practice to consider this fully charged.

Figure 13 RC charge curve

General Relationship

Equation 39.

V_{C} = V_{i} [e^{(\frac{? t}{τ})}]

Where

V_C = voltage across the capacitor at any instant in time (t)

V_i = the initial voltage of the capacitor at t = 0s

t = time in seconds

τ = RC, the time constant for charging and discharging capacitors

Graphing Equation 39 produces the capacitor discharge curve below. Note that the capacitor is discharged to 0.7% at five time constants. It is common practice to consider this fully discharged.

Figure 14 RC discharge curve

Capacitor with constant current source

Figure 15 Capacitor with constant current source

General equation for capacitor voltage current

Equation 40.

dv = \frac{i}{C} dt

For constant current

Equation 41.

V_{OUT} = \frac{I_{S}}{C_{L}} t

Where

I_S = constant current source in amps (A)

V_OUT = voltage developed across the capacitor in volts (V)

C_L = load capacitance in farads (F)

t = time in seconds (s)