7.3.1 High-Voltage Start-Up Regulator

The LM5045 contains an internal high-voltage start-up regulator that allows the input pin (VIN) to be connected directly to the supply voltage over a wide range from 14 V to 100 V. The input can withstand transients up to
105 V. When the UVLO pin potential is greater than 0.4 V, the VCC regulator is enabled to charge an external capacitor connected to the VCC pin. The VCC regulator provides power to the voltage reference (REF) and the gate drivers (HO1/HO2 and LO1/LO2). When the voltage on the VCC pin exceeds its undervoltage (UV) threshold, the internal voltage reference (REF) reaches its regulation set point of 5 V and the UVLO voltage is greater than 1.25 V, the soft-start capacitor is released and normal operation begins. The regulator output at VCC is internally current limited. The value of the VCC capacitor depends on the total system design, and its start-up characteristics. The recommended range of values for the VCC capacitor is 0.47 μF to 10 µF.

The internal power dissipation of the LM5045 can be reduced by powering VCC from an external supply. The output voltage of the VCC regulator is initially regulated to 9.5 V. After the synchronous rectifiers are engaged (which is approximately when the output voltage in within regulation), the VCC voltage is reduced to 7.7 V. In typical applications, an auxiliary transformer winding is connected through a diode to the VCC pin. This winding must raise the VCC voltage above 8V to shut off the internal start-up regulator. Powering VCC from an auxiliary winding improves efficiency while reducing the power dissipation of the controller. The VCC UV circuit will still function in this mode, requiring that VCC never falls below its UV threshold during the start-up sequence. The VCC regulator series pass transistor includes a diode between VCC and VIN that should not be forward biased in normal operation. Therefore, the auxiliary VCC voltage should never exceed the VIN voltage.

An external DC bias voltage can be used instead of the internal regulator by connecting the external bias voltage to both the VCC and the VIN pins. This implementation is shown in the Application and Implementation section. The external bias must be greater than 10 V and less than the VCC maximum voltage rating of 14 V.

7.3.2 Line Undervoltage Detector

The LM5045 contains a dual level undervoltage lockout (UVLO) circuit. When the UVLO pin voltage is below 0.4 V, the controller is in a low current shutdown mode. When the UVLO pin voltage is greater than 0.4 V but less than 1.25 V, the controller is in standby mode. In standby mode the VCC and REF bias regulators are active while the controller outputs are disabled. When the VCC and REF outputs exceed their respective under-voltage thresholds and the UVLO pin voltage is greater than 1.25 V, the soft-start capacitor is released and the normal operation begins. An external set-point voltage divider from VIN to GND can be used to set the minimum operating voltage of the converter. The divider must be designed such that the voltage at the UVLO pin will be greater than 1.25 V when VIN enters the desired operating range. UVLO hysteresis is accomplished with an internal 20 μA current sink that is switched on or off into the impedance of the set-point divider. When the UVLO threshold is exceeded, the current sink is deactivated to quickly raise the voltage at the UVLO pin. When the UVLO pin voltage falls below the 1.25 V threshold, the current sink is enabled causing the voltage at the UVLO pin to quickly fall. The hysteresis of the 0.4 V shutdown comparator is internally fixed at 50 mV.

The UVLO pin can also be used to implement various remote enable / disable functions. Turning off the converter by forcing the UVLO pin to standby condition (0.4 V < UVLO < 1.25 V) provides a controlled soft-stop. Refer to the Soft-Stop section for more details.

7.3.3 Overvoltage Protection

An external voltage divider can be used to set either an overvoltage or an overtemperature protection. During an OVP condition, the SS and SSSR capacitors are discharged and all the outputs are disabled. The divider must be designed such that the voltage at the OVP pin is greater than 1.25 V when overvoltage/temperature condition exists. Hysteresis is accomplished with an internal 20 μA current source. When the OVP pin voltage exceeds 1.25 V, the 20 μA current source is activated to quickly raise the voltage at the OVP pin. When the OVP pin voltage falls below the 1.25 V threshold, the current source is deactivated causing the voltage at the OVP to quickly fall. Refer to the Application and Implementation section for more details.

7.3.4 Reference

The REF pin is the output of a 5-V linear regulator that can be used to bias an optocoupler transistor and external housekeeping circuits. The regulator output is internally current limited to 15 mA. The REF pin must be locally decoupled with a ceramic capacitor, the recommended range of values are from 0.1 μF to 10 μF

7.3.5 Oscillator, Sync Input

The LM5045 oscillator frequency is set by a resistor connected between the RT pin and AGND. The RT resistor should be located very close to the device. To set a desired oscillator frequency (F_OSC), the necessary value of RT resistor can be calculated from the following equation:

Equation 1.

For example, if the desired oscillator frequency is 400 kHz, that is, each phase (LO1 or LO2) at 200 kHz, the value of R_T will be 25 kΩ. If the LM5045 is to be synchronized to an external clock, that signal must be coupled into the RT pin through a 100 pF capacitor. The RT pin voltage is nominally regulated at 2.0 V and the external pulse amplitude should lift the pin to between 3.5 V and 5.0 V on the low-to-high transition. The synchronization pulse width should be between 15 and 200 ns. The RT resistor is always required, whether the oscillator is free running or externally synchronized and the SYNC frequency must be equal to, or greater than the frequency set by the RT resistor. When syncing to an external clock, it is recommended to add slope compensation by connecting an appropriate resistor from the VCC pin to the CS pin. Also disable the SLOPE pin by grounding it.

7.3.6 Cycle-by-Cycle Current Limit

The CS pin is to be driven by a signal representative of the primary current of the transformer. If the voltage on the CS pin exceeds 0.75 V, the current sense comparator immediately terminates the PWM cycle. A small RC filter connected to the CS pin and located near the controller is recommended to suppress noise. An internal 18-Ω MOSFET discharges the external current sense filter capacitor at the conclusion of every cycle. The discharge MOSFET remains on for an additional 40 ns after the start of a new PWM cycle to blank leading edge spikes. The current sense comparator is very fast and may respond to short duration noise pulses. Layout is critical for the current sense filter and the sense resistor. The capacitor associated with CS filter must be placed very close to the device and connected directly to the CS and AGND pins. If a current sense transformer is used, both the leads of the transformer secondary should be routed to the filter network, which should be located close to the IC. When designing with a current sense resistor, all of the noise sensitive low power ground connections should be connected together near the AGND pin, and a single connection should be made to the power ground (sense resistor ground point).

7.3.7 Hiccup Mode

The LM5045 provides a current limit restart timer to disable the controller outputs and force a delayed restart (such as Hiccup mode) if a current limit condition is repeatedly sensed. The number of cycle-by-cycle current limit events required to trigger the restart is programmed by the external capacitor at the RES pin. During each PWM cycle, the LM5045 either sources or sinks current from the RES capacitor. If current limit is detected, the 5 μA current sink is disabled and a 30μA current source is enabled. If the RES voltage reaches the 1.0 V threshold, the following restart sequence occurs, as shown in Figure 10:

• The SS and SSSR capacitors are fully discharged
• The 30 μA current source is turned-off and the 10 μA current source is turned-on.
• Once the voltage at the RES pin reaches 4.0 V the 10 μA current source is turned-off and a 5μA current sink is turned-on, ramping the voltage on the RES capacitor down to 2.0 V.
• Once RES capacitor reaches 2.0 V, threshold, the 10 μA current source is turned-on again. The RES capacitor voltage is ramped between 4.0 V and 2.0 V eight times.
• When the counter reaches eight, the RES pin voltage is pulled low and the soft-start capacitor is released to begin a soft-start sequence. The SS capacitor voltage slowly increases. When the SS voltage reaches 1.0 V, the PWM comparator will produce the first narrow pulse.
• If the overload condition persists after restart, cycle-by-cycle current limiting will begin to increase the voltage on the RES capacitor again, repeating the hiccup mode sequence.
• If the overload condition no longer exists after restart, the RES pin will be held at ground by the 5 μA current sink and the normal operation resumes.

The hiccup mode function can be completely disabled by connecting the RES pin to the AGND pin. In this configuration the cycle-by-cycle protection will limit the maximum output current indefinitely, no hiccup restart sequences will occur.

Figure 10. Hiccup Mode Delay and Soft-Start Timing Diagram

7.3.8 PWM Comparator

The LM5045 pulse width modulator (PWM) comparator is a three input device, it compares the signal at the RAMP pin to the loop error signal or the soft-start, whichever is lower, to control the duty cycle. This comparator is optimized for speed to achieve minimum controllable duty cycles. The loop error signal is received from the external feedback and isolation circuit in the form of a control current into the COMP pin. The COMP pin current is internally mirrored by a matching pair of NPN transistors which sink current through a 5-kΩ resistor connected to the 5-V reference. The resulting control voltage passes through a 1-V offset, followed by a 2:1 resistor divider before being applied to the PWM comparator.

An optocoupler detector can be connected between the REF pin and the COMP pin. Because the COMP pin is controlled by a current input, the potential difference across the optocoupler detector is nearly constant. The bandwidth limiting phase delay which is normally introduced by the significant capacitance of the optocoupler is thereby greatly reduced. Higher loop bandwidths can be realized because the bandwidth limiting pole associated with the optocoupler is now at a much higher frequency. The PWM comparator polarity is configured such that with no current flowing into the COMP pin, the controller produces maximum duty cycle.

7.3.9 Ramp Pin

The voltage at the RAMP pin provides the modulation ramp for the PWM comparator. The PWM comparator compares the modulation ramp signal at the RAMP pin to the loop error signal to control the duty cycle. The modulation ramp signal can be implemented either as a ramp proportional to the input voltage, known as feed-forward voltage mode control, or as a ramp proportional to the primary current, known as current mode control. The RAMP pin is reset by an internal MOSFET with an R_DS(ON) of 5.5 Ω at the conclusion of each PWM cycle. The ability to configure the RAMP pin for either voltage mode or current mode allows the controller to be implemented for the optimum control method depending upon the design constraints. Refer to the Application and Implementation section for more details on configuring the RAMP pin for feed-forward voltage mode control and peak current mode control.

7.3.10 Slope Pin

For duty cycles greater than 50% (25% for each phase), peak current mode control is subject to sub-harmonic oscillation. Sub-harmonic oscillation is normally characterized by observing alternating wide and narrow duty cycles. This can be eliminated by adding an artificial ramp, known as slope compensation, to the modulating signal at the RAMP pin. The SLOPE pin provides a current source ramping from 0 to 100μA, at the frequency set by the RT resistor, for slope compensation. The ramping current source at the SLOPE pin can be used in several different ways to add slope compensation to the RAMP signal:

• As shown in Figure 11(a), the SLOPE and RAMP pins can be connected together through an appropriate resistor to the CS pin. This configuration will inject current sense signal plus slope compensation to the RAMP pin but CS pin will not see any slope compensation. Therefore, in this scheme slope compensation will not affect the current limit.
• In a second configuration, as shown in Figure 11(b), the SLOPE, RAMP and CS pins can be tied together. In this configuration the ramping current source from the SLOPE pin will flow through the filter resistor and filter capacitor, therefore both the CS pin and the RAMP pin will see the current sense signal plus the slope compensation ramp. In this scheme, the current limit is compensated by the slope compensation and the current limit onset point will vary.

If the slope compensation is not required for example, in feed-forward voltage mode control, the SLOPE pin must be connected to the AGND pin. When the RT pin is synched to an external clock, it is recommended to disable the SLOPE pin and add slope compensation externally by connecting an appropriate resistor from the VCC pin to the CS pin. Refer to the Application and Implementation section for more details.

a. Slope Compensation Configured for PWM Only (No Current Limit Slope)

b. Slope Compensation Configured for PWM and Current Limit

Figure 11. Slope Compensation Configuration

7.3.11 Soft-Start

The soft-start circuit allows the power converter to gradually reach a steady state operating point, thereby reducing the start-up stresses and current surges. When bias is supplied to the LM5045, the SS capacitor is discharged by an internal MOSFET. When the UVLO, VCC and REF pins reach their operating thresholds, the SS capacitor is released and is charged with a 20-µA current source. Once the SS pin voltage crosses the 1-V offset, SS controls the duty cycle. The PWM comparator is a three input device; it compares the RAMP signal against the lower of the signals between the soft-start and the loop error signal. In a typical isolated application, as the secondary bias is established, the error amplifier on the secondary side soft-starts and establishes closed-loop control, steering the control away from the SS pin.

One method to shutdown the regulator is to ground the SS pin. This forces the internal PWM control signal to ground, reducing the output duty cycle quickly to zero. Releasing the SS pin begins a soft-start cycle and normal operation resumes. A second shutdown method is presented in the UVLO and OVP Voltage Divider Selection section.

7.3.12 Gate Driver Outputs

The LM5045 provides four gate drivers: two floating high-side gate drivers HO1 and HO2 and two ground referenced low-side gate drivers LO1 and LO2. Each internal driver is capable of source 1.5-A peak and sinking 2-A peak. Initially, the diagonal HO1 and LO2 are turned-on together, followed by an off-time when all the four gate driver outputs are off. In the subsequent phase the diagonal HO2 and LO1 are turned on together followed by an off-time. The low-side gate drivers are powered directly by the VCC regulator. The HO1 and HO2 gate drivers are powered from a bootstrap capacitor connected between BST1/BST2 and HS1/HS2, respectively. An external diode connected between VCC (anode pin) and BST (cathode pin) provides the high-side gate driver power by charging the bootstrap capacitor from VCC when the corresponding switch node (HS1/HS2 pin) is low. When the high side MOSFET is turned on, BST1 rises to a peak voltage equal to VCC + V_HS1 where V_HS1 is the switch node voltage.

The BST and VCC capacitors should be placed close to the pins of the LM5045 to minimize voltage transients due to parasitic inductances because the peak current sourced to the MOSFET gates can exceed 1.5 A. The recommended value of the BST capacitor is 0.1 μF or greater. A low ESR / ESL capacitor, such as a surface mount ceramic, should be used to prevent voltage droop during the HO transitions.

If the COMP pin is open circuit, the outputs will operate at maximum duty cycle. The maximum duty cycle for each phase is limited by the dead-time set by the RD1 resistor. If the RD1 resistor is set to zero then the maximum duty cycle is slightly less than 50% due to the internally fixed dead-time. The internally fixed dead-time is 30ns which does not vary with the operating frequency. The maximum duty cycle for each output can be calculated from the following equation:

Equation 2.

where

• T1 is the time set by the RD1 resistor
• F_OSC is the frequency of the oscillator

For example, if the oscillator frequency is set at 400 kHz and the T1 time set by the RD1 resistor is 60 ns, the resulting D_MAX will be equal to 0.488.

7.3.13 Synchronous Rectifier Control Outputs (SR1 and SR2)

Synchronous rectification (SR) of the transformer secondary provides higher efficiency, especially for low output voltage converters, compared to the diode rectification. The reduction of rectifier forward voltage drop (0.5 V to 1.5 V) to 10 mV to 200 mV VDS voltage for a MOSFET significantly reduces rectification losses. In a typical application, the transformer secondary winding is center tapped, with the output power inductor in series with the center tap. The SR MOSFETs provide the ground path for the energized secondary winding and the inductor current. From Figure 13 it can be seen that when the HO1/LO2 diagonal is turned ON, power transfer is enabled from the primary. During this period, the SR1 MOSFET is enabled and the SR2 MOSFET is turned-off. The secondary winding connected to the SR2 MOSFET drain is twice the voltage of the center tap at this time. At the conclusion of the HO1/LO2 pulse, the inductor current continues to flow through the SR2 MOSFET body diode. Because the body diode causes more loss than the SR MOSFET, efficiency can be improved by minimizing the T2 period while maintaining sufficient timing margin over all conditions (component tolerances, etc.) to prevent the shoot-through current. When HO2/LO1 enables power transfer from the primary, the SR2 MOSFET is enabled and the SR1 MOSFET is off.

During the freewheeling period, the inductor current is almost equally shared between both the SR1 and SR2 MOSFETs which effectively shorts the transformer secondary. The SR2 MOSFET is disabled before HO1/LO2 is turned-on. The SR2 MOSFET body diode continues to carry about the half inductor current until the primary power raises the SR2 MOSFET drain voltage and reverse biases the body diode. Ideally, dead-time T1 would be set to the minimum time that allows the SR MOSFET to turn off before the SR MOSFET body diode starts conducting.

The SR drivers are powered by the REF regulator and each SR output is capable of sourcing 0.1 A and sinking 0.4-A peak. The amplitude of the SR drivers is limited to 5 V. The 5-V SR signals enable the LM5045 to transfer SR control across the isolation barrier either through a solid-state isolator or a pulse transformer. The actual gate sourcing and sinking currents for the synchronous MOSFETs are provided by the secondary-side bias and gate drivers.

T1 and T2 can be programmed by connecting a resistor between RD1 and RD2 pins and AGND. It should be noted that while RD1 effects the maximum duty cycle, RD2 does not. The RD1 and RD2 resistors should be located very close to the device. The formula for RD1 and RD2 resistors are given below:

Equation 3.

If the desired dead-time for T1 is 60ns, then the RD1 will be 20 kΩ.

Figure 13. Synchronous Rectifier Timing Diagram

7.3.14 Soft-Start of the Synchronous Rectifiers

In addition to the basic soft-start already described, the LM5045 contains a second soft-start function that gradually turns on the synchronous rectifiers to their steady-state duty cycle. This function keeps the synchronous rectifiers off during the basic soft-start allowing a linear start-up of the output voltage even into pre-biased loads. Then the SR output duty cycle is gradually increased to prevent output voltage disturbances due to the difference in the voltage drop between the body diode and the channel resistance of the synchronous MOSFETs. Initially, when bias is supplied to the LM5045, the SSSR capacitor is discharged by an internal MOSFET. When the SS capacitor reaches a 2-V threshold and once it is established that COMP is in control of the duty cycle such as I_COMP < 800 µA, the SSSR discharge is released and SSSR capacitor begins charging with a 20-µA current source. Once the SSSR cap crosses the internal 1-V threshold, the LM5045 begins the soft-start of the synchronous FETs. The SR soft-start follows a leading edge modulation technique such as the leading edge of the SR pulse is soft-started as opposed trailing edge modulation of the primary FETs. As shown in the Figure 14(a), SR1 and SR2 are turned-on simultaneously with a narrow pulse-width during the freewheeling cycle. At the end of the freewheel cycle, that is, at the rising edge of the internal CLK, the SR FET in-phase with the next power transfer cycle is kept on while the SR FET out of phase with it is turned-off. The in-phase SR FET is kept on throughout the power transfer cycle and at the end of it, both the primary FETs and the in-phase SR FETs are turned-off together. The synchronous rectifier outputs can be disabled by grounding the SSSR pin.

a. Waveforms during Soft-Start

b. Waveforms after Soft-Start

Figure 14. Waveforms

7.3.15 Prebias Startup

A common requirement for power converters is to have a monotonic output voltage start-up into a prebiased load such as a precharged output capacitor. In a prebiased load condition, if the synchronous rectifiers are engaged prematurely they will sink current from the precharged output capacitors resulting in an undesired output voltage dip. This condition is undesirable and could potentially damage the power converter. The LM5045 uses unique control circuitry to ensure intelligent turnon of the synchronous rectifiers such that the output has a monotonic start-up. Initially, the SSSR capacitor is held at ground to disable the synchronous MOSFETs allowing the body diode to conduct. The synchronous rectifier soft-start is initiated once it is established the duty cycle is controlled by the COMP instead of the soft-start capacitor, that is, I_COMP < 800 µA and the voltage at the SS pin > 2 V. The SSSR capacitor is then released and is charged by a 20-µA current source. Further, as shown in Figure 15, a 1-V offset on the SSSR pin is used to provide additional delay. This delay ensures the output voltage is in regulation avoiding any reverse current when the synchronous MOSFETs are engaged.

7.3.16 Soft-Stop

As shown in Figure 16, if the UVLO pin voltage falls below the 1.25-V standby threshold, but above the 0.4-V shutdown threshold, the SSSR capacitor is soft-stopped with a 60-µA current source (3 times the charging current). Once the SSSR pin reaches the 1.0-V threshold, both the SS and SSSR pins are immediately discharged to GND. Soft-stopping the power converter gradually winds down the energy in the output capacitors and results in a monotonic decay of the output voltage. During the hiccup mode, the same sequence is executed except that the SSSR is discharged with a 120-µA current source (6 times the charging current). In case of an OVP, VCC UV, thermal limit or a VREF UV condition, the power converter hard-stops, whereby all of the control outputs are driven to a low state immediately.

7.3.17 Soft-Stop Off

The Soft-Start Off (SSOFF) pin gives additional flexibility by allowing the power converter to be configured for hard-stop during line UVLO and hiccup mode condition. If the SS OFF pin is pulled up to the 5-V REF pin, the power converter hard-stops in any fault condition. Hard-stop drives each control output to a low state immediately. Refer to Table 1 for more details.

Figure 16. Stop-Stop Waveforms During a UVLO Event

7.3.18 Thermal Protection

Internal thermal shutdown circuitry is provided to protect the integrated circuit in the event the maximum rated junction temperature is exceeded. When activated, typically at 160°C, the controller is forced into a shutdown state with the output drivers, the bias regulators (VCC and REF) disabled. This helps to prevent catastrophic failures from accidental device overheating. During thermal shutdown, the SS and SSSR capacitors are fully discharged and the controller follows a normal start-up sequence after the junction temperature falls to the operating level (140°C).

7.4.1 Control Method Selection

The LM5045 is a versatile PWM control IC that can be configured for either current mode control or voltage mode control. The choice of the control method usually depends upon the designer preference. The following must be taken into consideration while selecting the control method. Current mode control can inherently balance flux in both phases of the full-bridge topology. The full-bridge topology, like other double ended topologies, is susceptible to the transformer core saturation. Any asymmetry in the volt-second product applied between the two alternating phases results in flux imbalance that causes a dc buildup in the transformer. This continual dc buildup may eventually push the transformer into saturation. The volt-second asymmetry can be corrected by employing current mode control. In current mode control, a signal representative of the primary current is compared against an error signal to control the duty cycle. In steady-state, this results in each phase being terminated at the same peak current by adjusting the pulse-width and thus applying equal volt-seconds to both the phases.

Current mode control can be susceptible to noise and sub-harmonic oscillation, while voltage mode control employs a larger ramp for PWM and is usually less susceptible. Voltage-mode control with input line feed-forward also has excellent line transient response. When configuring for voltage mode control, a dc blocking capacitor can be placed in series with the primary winding of the power transformer to avoid any flux imbalance that may cause transformer core saturation.

7.4.2 Voltage Mode Control Using the LM5045

To configure the LM5045 for voltage mode control, an external resistor (R_FF) and capacitor (C_FF) connected to VIN, AGND, and the RAMP pins is required to create a saw-tooth modulation ramp signal shown in Figure 17. The slope of the signal at RAMP will vary in proportion to the input line voltage. The varying slope provides line feed-forward information necessary to improve line transient response with voltage mode control. With a constant error signal, the on-time (T_ON) varies inversely with the input voltage (VIN) to stabilize the Volt- Second product of the transformer primary. Using a line feed-forward ramp for PWM control requires very little change in the voltage regulation loop to compensate for changes in input voltage, as compared to a fixed slope oscillator ramp. Furthermore, voltage mode control is less susceptible to noise and does not require leading edge filtering. Therefore, it is a good choice for wide input range power converters. Voltage mode control requires a Type-III compensation network, due to the complex-conjugate poles of the L-C output filter.

Figure 17. Feed-Forward Voltage Mode Configuration

The recommended capacitor value range for C_FF is from 100 pF to 1800 pF. Referring to Figure 17, it can be seen that C_FF value must be small enough to be discharged with in the clock pulse-width which is typically within 50ns. The R_DS(ON) of the internal discharge FET is 5.5 Ω.

The value of R_FF required can be calculated from

Equation 4.

For example, assuming a V_RAMP of 1.5 V (a good compromise of signal range and noise immunity), at VIN_MIN of 36 V (oscillator frequency of 400 kHz and C_FF = 470 pF results in a value for R_FF of 125 kΩ.

7.4.3 Current Mode Control Using the LM5045

The LM5045 can be configured for current mode control by applying a signal proportional to the primary current to the RAMP pin. One way to achieve this is shown in Figure 18. The primary current can be sensed using a current transformer or sense resistor, the resulting signal is filtered and applied to the RAMP pin through a resistor used for slope compensation. It can be seen that the signal applied to the RAMP pin consists of the primary current information from the CS pin plus an additional ramp for slope compensation, added by the resistor R_SLOPE.

The current sense resistor is selected such that during over current condition, the voltage across the current sense resistor is above the minimum CS threshold of 728 mV.

In general, the amount of slope compensation required to avoid sub-harmonic oscillation is equal to at least one-half the down-slope of the output inductor current, transformed to the primary. To mitigate sub-harmonic oscillation after one switching period, the slope compensation must be equal to one times the down slope of the filter inductor current transposed to primary. This is known as deadbeat control. The slope compensation resistor required to implement dead-beat control can be calculated as follows:

Equation 5.

where

• N_TR is the turns-ratio with respect to the secondary

For example, for a 3.3 V output converter with a turns-ratio between primary and secondary of 9:1, an output filter inductance (L_FILTER) of 800 nH and a current sense resistor (R_SENSE) of 150 mΩ, R_SLOPE of 1.67 kΩ will suffice.

Figure 18. Current Mode Configuration